In American law, fundamentally every state has the original power of educational administration to guarantee all the rights relating to education for the children. The state, or the local school districts under the delegation of the power from the state, maintain public schools, and the private corporations maintain private schools based on the corporate charters granted by the state. But, the state's power of educational administration is not almighty. Such power is limited, not to deprive any persons of the rights of liberty and equality by federal judicial precedents in the conformity with the United States Constitution. I think, therefore, that some legal characters of public and private schools can be cleared in the relation between the state's power of educational administration and the individual's rights of education. In this thesis, I deal with the Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819), Meyer v. Nebraska (1923), and Pierce v. Society of Sisters of Holy Names of Jesus and Christ (1925) as the important federal judicial precedents affecting private schools, or with McCollum v. Board of Education (1948), Zorach v. Clauson (1952), Engel et al. v. Vitale et al. (1962), Wieman v. Updegraff (1952), Adler v. Board of Education (1952), and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) as the similiar judicial precedents affecting public schools. Briefly, private schools are maintained by the private corporations, founding on the individual's rights of liberty in education. The state has the power to interfere private schools to some extent, especially in compulsory grades, but has not the power to prohibit private schools. In the other hand, public schools are maintained by the state or the local school districts for the guaranty of individual's rights of equality of opportunity in education. In addition, the state is not allowed to regulate public schools in the way to invade the individual's rights of liberty.