The purpose of this study is to find out the actual conditions of “instructions” by goalkeepers under eleven during a soccer game. In this study, I analyzed the video and sound materials made by synchronizing video of soccer games with instructions by goalkeepers. In addition, I conducted interviews with twenty goalkeepers ( Eleven of them were experienced goalkeepers and others were inexperienced goalkeepers).
The results are shown below.
1) The number of speech and instructions by experienced goalkeepers are significantly higher than that by inexperienced goalkeepers.
2) As for instructions about offense, experienced goalkeepers give more instructions to “the players who touch a soccer ball directly”, but inexperienced goalkeepers give more instructions about field play.
3) As for instructions about defense, experienced goalkeepers give instructions to “the players who do not touch a soccer ball directly” more than inexperienced goalkeepers.
From these results, it is clear that the quantity of instructions by experienced goalkeepers was larger than that by inexperienced goalkeepers, but the quality of instructions had almost no difference. It seems that, except for off-play, even experienced goalkeepers did not have enough ability to give instructions to “the players who do not touch a soccer ball”.